Corals tell Arabian Sea story of global warming

Research Press Release | June 04, 2021

Coral insights into 1,000 years of seasonal changes in the Arabian Sea warn of significant impacts caused by global warming.


Collecting coral samples in the waters off Oman (Photo: Tsuyoshi Watanabe).


Every year, the southwesterly winds of the summer monsoon sweep down the Arabian Peninsula, pushing the surface waters of the Arabian Sea away from the coast and driving an upwelling of deep waters to the surface. This rising seawater is colder and less saline than the surface water and is rich in nutrients, providing energy for the various organisms living in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.


Scientists from Japan, Taiwan and Germany, including coral reef scientist Dr. Tsuyoshi Watanabe of Hokkaido University, have uncovered evidence from corals off the coast of Oman suggesting that global warming is causing changes to the Arabian Sea that could impact the climate, ecosystems and socioeconomics of the densely populated areas surrounding the Indian Ocean. The findings were published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.


Stronger summer monsoon winds lead to a stronger upwelling in the Arabian Sea. Stronger winds form when the air over the Indian subcontinent warms more rapidly than the air over the Indian Ocean. Recently, however, the opposite has been happening. Scientists wanted to know how this change affects the Arabian Sea upwelling, but the phenomenon has not been monitored continuously, so available measurements aren’t enough to tell the whole story.


Watanabe and his colleagues analysed fossil and modern corals off an Omani island in the Arabian Sea. They identified the ages of the corals they collected and established a correlation between coral data and seawater temperature changes over a very fine timescale, and used that information to extrapolate salinity changes. The four fossil corals they used dated to approximately 1167 CE, 1624 CE, 1703 CE and 1968 CE, respectively. They took samples from the corals at different depths towards their cores, and then analysed the ratio of strontium to calcium in the samples, as well as the amounts of oxygen and carbon isotopes. The growth rate of the corals is steady over centuries, and the skeletons contain a record of the changes in elements. Generally, as water temperatures rise, the strontium-to-calcium ratio and isotope oxygen-18 in coral decrease.


Warming trends of the northern Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent. The Arabian Sea has warmed to a much larger extent than the Indian subcontinent. The star indicates the sample site of modern and fossil Arabian Sea corals used in this study (Takaaki K. Watanabe, et al. Geophysical Research Letters. May 24, 2021).


The results showed that the summer Arabian Sea upwelling was relatively stable through the warmer period of the medieval climate anomaly in the 12th century; the cooler little ice age, which extended between the 14th and 19th centuries AD; and up until the mid-20th century. After this period, however, the scientists observed a clear weakening of the Arabian Sea upwelling. They reason this can most likely be explained by faster warming of the northern Indian Ocean, caused by greenhouse gases, and slowed warming of the Indian subcontinent, caused by the absorption of sunrays by aerosol emissions over South Asia. This then weakens the summer monsoon winds, impacting the strength of the Arabian Sea upwelling.


“The seasonal upwelling is vital for commercial fishing and has significant impacts on the regional climate, ecosystems and socioeconomics,” says Tsuyoshi Watanabe. “Our findings imply that weakening of the Arabian Sea upwelling is likely to continue along with global warming, impacting monsoon rainfalls, sea levels, fisheries and even agricultural production.”


Tsuyoshi Watanabe, corresponding author of the current study, in Oman (Photo: Tsuyoshi Watanabe).


Original Article:

Takaaki K. Watanabe, et al. Corals reveal an unprecedented decrease of Arabian Sea upwelling during the current warming era. Geophysical Research Letters. May 24, 2021.

DOI: 10.1029/2021GL092432


Funding:

This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (JP25257207), the Science Vanguard Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ROC (MOST; 109-2123-M-002-001, the National Taiwan University (109L8926), and the Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan ROC (109L901001).


Contacts:

Dr. Tsuyoshi Watanabe

Department of Natural History Sciences

Faculty of Science

Hokkaido University

Email: nabe[at]sci.hokudai.ac.jp


Sohail Keegan Pinto (International Public Relations Specialist)

Public Relations Division

Hokkaido University

Tel: +81-11-706-2185

Skype: hokudai.pr1

Email: en-press[at]general.hokudai.ac.jp


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