Molecular robots work cooperatively in swarms

In a global first, scientists have demonstrated that molecular robots are able to accomplish cargo delivery by employing a strategy of swarming, achieving a transport efficiency five times greater than that of single robots.

Different diameters of cargo loading and transport by single and swarm transporters. Scale bar: 20 µm. The diameter of the cargo (d) is mentioned on the top left of each movie. Here, the swarms could load and transport cargoes with diameters up to 20.0 µm, whereas the single transporters failed to load and transport cargoes with a diameter larger than 3.4 µm. The movie is played at 100 times the speed of the original (Mousumi Akter, et al. Science Robotics. April 20, 2022).

Swarm robotics is a new discipline, inspired by the cooperative behavior of living organisms, that focuses on the fabrication of robots and their utilization in swarms to accomplish complex tasks. A swarm is an orderly collective behavior of multiple individuals. Macro-scale swarm robots have been developed and employed for a variety of applications, such as transporting and accumulating cargo, forming shapes, and building complex structures.

A team of researchers, led by Dr. Mousumi Akter and Associate Professor Akira Kakugo from the Faculty of Science at Hokkaido University, has succeeded in developing the world’s first working micro-sized machines utilizing the advantages of swarming. The findings were published in the journal Science Robotics. The team included Assistant Professor Daisuke Inoue, Kyushu University; Professor Henry Hess, Columbia University; Professor Hiroyuki Asanuma, Nagoya University; and Professor Akinori Kuzuya, Kansai University.

A swarm of cooperating robots gains a number of characteristics which are not found in individual robots—they can divide a workload, respond to risks, and even create complex structures in response to changes in the environment. Microrobots and machines at the micro- and nano-scale have very few practical applications due to their size; if they could cooperate in swarms, their potential uses would increase massively.

Cooperative task achievement by swarm transporters through loading and transporting cargo over a long distance. Scale bar: 20 µm. Here, the swarm-loaded cargo traveled a total distance of 1 mm without falling off under VIS irradiation. The movie is played at 100 times the speed of the original (Mousumi Akter, et al. Science Robotics. April 20, 2022).

Cargo unloading from the group of transporters under UV irradiation. Scale bar: 20 µm. Here, dissociation of the swarm transporter into single microtubules and cargo unloading from the transporters were observed to occur simultaneously. The unloaded cargoes remained stationary and were no longer transported under UV light irradiation. The movie is played at 100 times the speed of the original (Mousumi Akter, et al. Science Robotics. April 20, 2022).

The team constructed about five million single molecular machines. These machines were composed of two biological components: microtubules linked to DNA, which allowed them to swarm; and kinesin, which were actuators capable of transporting the microtubules. The DNA was combined with a light-sensitive compound called azobenzene that functioned as a sensor, allowing for control of swarming. When exposed to visible light, changes in the structure of azobenzene caused the DNA to form double strands and led to the microtubules forming swarms. Exposure to UV light reversed this process.

The cargo used in the experiments consisted of polystyrene beads of diameters ranging from micrometers to tens of micrometers. These beads were treated with azobenzene-linked DNA; thus, the cargo was loaded when exposed to visible light and unloaded when exposed to UV light. However, the DNA and azobenzene used in the molecular machines and the cargo were different, so swarming could be controlled independently of cargo-loading.

Schematic illustrations of cargo transport by a swarm of molecular robots (top) and fluorescence images of a molecular robot transporting blue sphere-like cargo (bottom). The scale bar is 20 micrometers. By specifying the position of the light irradiation, it is possible to accumulate the cargo at the designated destination (right). The scale bar is 50 micrometers (Mousumi Akter, et al. Science Robotics. April 20, 2022).

Single machines are able to load and transport polystyrene beads up to 3 micrometers in diameter, whereas swarms of machines could transport cargo as large as 30 micrometers in diameter. Furthermore, a comparison of transport distance and transport volume showed that the swarms were up to five times more efficient at transport compared to the single machines. 

By demonstrating that molecular machines can be designed to swarm and cooperate to transport cargo with high efficiency, this study has laid the groundwork for the application of microrobots to various fields. “In the near future, we expect to see microrobot swarms used in drug delivery, contaminant collection, molecular power generation devices, and micro-detection devices,” says Akira Kakugo.

Key authors of the study. From the left: Mousumi Akter and Akira Kakugo, Hokkaido University; Akinori Kuzuya, Kansai University; Hiroyuki Asanuma, Nagoya University; and Henry Hess, Columbia University (Photos: Mousumi Akter, Akira Kakugo, Akinori Kuzuya, Hiroyuki Asanuma, Henry Hess).

Original Article:

Mousumi Akter, et al. Cooperative cargo transportation by a swarm of molecular machines. Science Robotics. April 20, 2022.

DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm0677

Funding:

This research was supported by the Future AI and Robot Technology Research and Development Project from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Molecular Engine” (18H05423), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A; 18H03673, 21H04434).

Contacts:

Associate Professor Akira Kakugo

Faculty of Science

Hokkaido University

Tel: +81-11-706-3474

Email: kakugo[at]sci.hokudai.ac.jp

Sohail Keegan Pinto (International Public Relations Specialist)

Public Relations Division

Hokkaido University

Tel: +81-11-706-2185

Skype: hokudai.pr1

Email: en-press[at]general.hokudai.ac.jp

Molecular Deliveries: Coming soon. The latest developments in the field of molecular machines and molecular robotics at Hokkaido University (Video provided by Mousumi Akter and Akira Kakugo).

Related Press Releases:

A simple way to control swarming molecular machines

Letting molecular robots swarm like birds